China"s "Eleventh Five Year" Plan pointed out that to build a resource saving and environment friendly society, focusing on the development of circular economy has insisted on developing equal emphasis on conservation, conservation priority, according to reduction, re use, resource oriented principle, resource extraction, production of consumption, waste generation, consumption and other sectors, and gradually establish the resources of society as a whole recycling system; to save energy, water conservation, saving land, saving materials and strengthening the comprehensive utilization of resources to strengthen the promotion of conservation policies. Machinery manufacturing industry from the simple pursuit of scale and efficiency of the model to build 4R cycle of economic direction.

For the natural environment and achieve the harmonious development of the required mining machinery "eco", with the help of advanced technologies on manufacturing model, manufacturing resources, manufacturing, process manufacturing organizations continually innovate to make our products throughout the life cycle does not produce environmental pollution or environmental pollution minimize the maximum utilization of resources, the lowest energy consumption, and ultimately corporate co ordination of economic and social benefits. Efficient, zero emission fuel cell mining machinery has good development prospects. Geothermal energy as green, renewable resources has been identified as countries around the world to maintain social sustainable development, new energy, the geothermal resource rich developed countries have been a better use of resources and the development of crustal heat treatment of solid waste resources for the Mining Machinery expanded its service areas. Mining machinery in the computer technology, network technology, multi disciplinary integrated support for economic development, driven by demand in the market, in the harmonious development of mankind and nature, the mining machinery has been upgraded to digital, intelligent, ecological and pleasant oriented direction.

Therefore, the state owned mining machinery plant in Henan With this favorable opportunity, and vigorously develop new products and equipment, such as coarse broken jaw breaking series of mobile crushing machines, broken the back breaking series of mobile crushing machine, crushing cone breaking series of mobile crushing machines, MTW European edition trapezoidal milling machine, large vertical milling machine, CS cone crusher, the EU version of JC series of jaw crusher (jaw crusher), VSI New Type Sand, 5X Series New Sand (system of sand machine), large scale hydraulic milling machine, and so a number of high gold content of the mining machinery and equipment, specifically for the current needs of the natural environment and national construction standards used in aggregate research and development, and is widely used in key national highways, railway engineering projects, including water conservancy, hydropower and other industries strong advantage, especially the European version of trapezoidal vertical milling machine and a large flour mill with a typical representative of the two mill products, popular with all major cement welcome and favor, is the only energy saving and environmentally friendly cement by the best equipment.

The development of a mining machinery of the technological progress of mankind, modern science and technology and is closely related to the overall industrial level, particularly with the mechanical engineering sciences and closely linked to the development of mining disciplines. Forefront of modern science and technology has obvious time domain, area, and dynamic properties. Information science, materials science, life science, nano science, management science and manufacturing science are changing the 21st century; mainstream science, the resulting high tech and the industry will change the world.

The intersection between the integration of different scientific will generate new scientific focus, economic development and social progress of the mining machinery to generate new demands and expectations. Mechanical Engineering, the general trend of scientific development will be digital, intelligent, precision, miniaturization, life oriented, and ecological. Mining machinery, as a branch of mechanical engineering disciplines, but also follows this general trend. At the same time, combining the characteristics of mining industry and its development trend is the digital, intelligent, and ecological and amenity oriented. Mining machinery manufacturing industry should continue to integrate into the human outstanding achievements in various fields, facing the major national economic development needs of the scientific outlook on development as guidance, to achieve sustainable development.

The overall level of China’s mining machinery, compared with the international advanced level there are still gaps. In the run mining machinery manufacturing power journey, opportunities and challenges coexist. Product design is the soul of the manufacturing industry, product structure, function, quality, cost, delivery time and manufacturability, maintainability, and disposal post processing, and human, machine and environment relationship, in principle, are in the product design stage decision. Product innovation and design capability has become a deciding the status of global competition in the primary factor.

Mining Machinery is a high technological content and integration of equipment, development of new equipment constantly results in all areas of human integration in, along with materials science, manufacturing technology, information technology, computer technology, each product has a into new technologies, parts and components updates become shorter and shorter, faster and faster replacement of new equipment, in particular the development of large scale mining machinery, non mature experience to draw on, but the design does not allow any mistakes and must therefore be With the integration of multi-disciplinary technologies to improve design efficiency and design quality, enhance corporate capability of independent innovation and market competitiveness. Mining machinery and computer technology, network technology, based on the formation of an integrated digital technology trends. As the professional manufacturer of complete sets of mining machinery, such as  hammer crusher and ore beneficiation machine, Henan Hongxing is  always doing the best in products and service. 

I have received several emails this week asking my thoughts on the current price action in precious metals. Some subscribers are asking how low gold and silver might go in the short term and my honest response is “I have no idea.” Anyone that claims they can predict the short-term price movements in a market as manipulated as this one is blowing hot air. The banks can utilize leveraged paper contracts to take gold down to $1,200 and silver to $20 if they want to, in the short term.

However, they absolutely can not keep prices this low for very long, as free market forces will bring things back into equilibrium. In fact, recent take down attempts have been met rather quickly with buying from strong hands, much of it likely coming from China. While I still believe that the manipulators can create rather substantial take downs that scare weak hands out of their positions in the short term, they are becoming less effective and more impotent each day. This has been obvious in the charting, where buyers are stepping up to take advantage of these paper-driven artificial sell offs. I view this manipulation of paper prices as insignificant. Whether gold falls to $1,200 or only drops to $1,600 and bounces, I have no doubt it will continue to preserve wealth and continue to increase the purchasing power of those holding it over time.

I believe it is important not to give into emotions during corrections such as these. If you have been staring at your computer screen and stressing the price action this week, you are doing yourself a great disservice. I would suggest that your focus should be mustering the strength to stick with your convictions, ignore the noise and keep your eye on the longer-term picture. I see nothing wrong with hedging via put options or inverse ETFs, but I’ve found it easier and more effective to simply hold onto core positions and buy the dips.

I am convinced that gold and silver will eclipse their previous inflation-adjusted highs before this bull market is over. This means that gold will climb above $2,400 and silver above $150 at an absolute minimum. If we use more realistic inflation numbers such as those calculated by John Williams of Shadow Stats, the true inflation-adjusted highs are more than triple the prices listed above. Whether gold climbs to $8,890 and silver to $517 remains to be seen, but I believe we are likely to see the lower price targets listed above within the next 12 to 18 months.

If you agree with this assessment of the situation, then there is no reason to be concerned when silver falls by 5% or 10% in a week. When silver is trading anywhere from $150 to $517 per ounce, will it matter much if you bought at $30 or $35? Will the temporary decline that we are currently experiencing have any meaning at all? As the professional manufacturer of complete sets of mining machinery, such as jaw crusher and Impact crusher, Henan Hongxing is always doing the best in products and service.

I have received several emails this week asking my thoughts on the current price action in precious metals. Some subscribers are asking how low gold and silver might go in the short term and my honest response is “I have no idea.” Anyone that claims they can predict the short-term price movements in a market as manipulated as this one is blowing hot air. The banks can utilize leveraged paper contracts to take gold down to $1,200 and silver to $20 if they want to, in the short term.

However, they absolutely can not keep prices this low for very long, as free market forces will bring things back into equilibrium. In fact, recent take down attempts have been met rather quickly with buying from strong hands, much of it likely coming from China. While I still believe that the manipulators can create rather substantial take downs that scare weak hands out of their positions in the short term, they are becoming less effective and more impotent each day. This has been obvious in the charting, where buyers are stepping up to take advantage of these paper-driven artificial sell offs. I view this manipulation of paper prices as insignificant. Whether gold falls to $1,200 or only drops to $1,600 and bounces, I have no doubt it will continue to preserve wealth and continue to increase the purchasing power of those holding it over time.

I believe it is important not to give into emotions during corrections such as these. If you have been staring at your computer screen and stressing the price action this week, you are doing yourself a great disservice. I would suggest that your focus should be mustering the strength to stick with your convictions, ignore the noise and keep your eye on the longer-term picture. I see nothing wrong with hedging via put options or inverse ETFs, but I’ve found it easier and more effective to simply hold onto core positions and buy the dips.

I am convinced that gold and silver will eclipse their previous inflation-adjusted highs before this bull market is over. This means that gold will climb above $2,400 and silver above $150 at an absolute minimum. If we use more realistic inflation numbers such as those calculated by John Williams of Shadow Stats, the true inflation-adjusted highs are more than triple the prices listed above. Whether gold climbs to $8,890 and silver to $517 remains to be seen, but I believe we are likely to see the lower price targets listed above within the next 12 to 18 months.

If you agree with this assessment of the situation, then there is no reason to be concerned when silver falls by 5% or 10% in a week. When silver is trading anywhere from $150 to $517 per ounce, will it matter much if you bought at $30 or $35? Will the temporary decline that we are currently experiencing have any meaning at all? As the professional manufacturer of complete sets of mining machinery, such as jaw crusher and Impact crusher, Henan Hongxing is always doing the best in products and service.

In line with marble dust powder production, the units consists of grinding mill, powder classifying machine, cyclone collector, retarder, blower, hammer mill and elevator, power and control cabinet. Crushing plant is widely used marble to produce ground calcium carbonate (marble dust, marble dust in sizes from 20 to 200 mesh or gravel) as filler in concrete and paving materials.Hongxing Machinery marble dust powder production plant is widely used in Iran marble processing plant powder.

The mill is the best choice for customers to produce powder of different sizes from 2mm - 5 microns. Line gypsum powder processing making use of advanced processing equipment such as ball type mill, grinder, etc. The grinding machine gypsum has the advantages of compact size, simple structure, high productivity, low power consumption, stable physical performance, ease of use and low operating cost. Today, our production of gypsum powder is well received in the United States, Canada, France, Germany, England, Spain, Iran, Pakistan, Thailand, Australia, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Colombia, Mexico, etc. Hongxing Machinery can produce gypsum powder production line with an output ranging from 0.3 to 100 TPH TPH. China mainly uses talcum powder dry machining process, the equipment used to Raymond, mechanical impact mill, jet mill types of main plant and other plants use less. The basic technology used in Hongxing Machinery German production plant spray is widely used. Hongxing Machinery has now proven technology and its ability to produce talc-45μm 5 microns or finer.

The activation technology, change and granulation is gradually promoting the use of nano-talc products have been developed in the common institutions of higher education with Hongxing Machinery. In production line of talcum powder, talc ground is ground to a powder with 200 mesh and 325 mesh, used for papermaking. Talcum powder fine is less than 5 microns, and mainly used in coatings, paints, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, plastics and other industries. Mill is the major powder making machine to produce calcium carbonate from marble rocks. Hongxing Machinery is a professional manufacturer of grinding mill and exporter, we can design and manufacture ball type mill, Raymond mill, trapezium mill, trapezium mill European type, coarse powder mill, super thin grinding mill and so on. Ball mill has many types. Accordin to the working type, it is decided into wet ball mill and dry ball mill.
Energy-saving ball mill has made a great improvement in the structure compared to the traditional ones. Its cylinder and supporting fame compose an integral system, thus, when it is being fixed, Energy-saving ball mill will be hung on the foundation once. Equipped with double-tiered centripetal roller bearing, its power consumption will be reduced by 30%. The intrinsic grill pattern forcing discharge is replaced by overall pattern controlling discharge, which enhances the fineness of final product, and meanwhile increase the capacity by 15-20%.
Ball mill another application is used as cement grinder. Cement manufacturing mill is mainly used to grind the clinker and raw materials in cement industry and also can be applied in metallurgy, chemical, electric power and other industries to grind all kinds of ores .Cement  mill is not only suitable for over-flow grinding, but also applicable for cyclic close-flow grinding together with powder collector.

Traditional paving stone system is environmental friendly as grass-pavers allow the filtering through of rainwater. The soil below the ground is allowed to drink and breathe. Rain fall is not allowed to run waste. A traditional paving stone is not only aesthetically appealing and enhances the appeal of the garden landscape and the curb but its strength is treble that of concrete or asphalt. A paving stone never cracks or wears out and it is resistant to skidding. The maintenance cost is minimal; it does not store heat and can withstand seismic undulations without showing cracks. The joints are mortals and thus there are no grouts that will crack or chip. A paving stone is ideal for cold climes because of the improved ratio between freezing and thawing. Allowing for a modest down time, the paving stone can be used as soon as it is installed. The paving stone can be set either by hand or machine and the price are modest.

The best part of shopping for paving stone is that one can go online and view all the various designs, colors and shapes. Most of the traditional paving stone are mortar less and the stones are interlocking. This adds security especially in times of earthquakes when the paving stone moves with the lust lines and thus there are no cracks. The individual paving stone comes in many shapes, sizes and textures the colours being suitable for any décor. The use of traditional paving stone is advantageous to permanently mark parking bays, walking zones for crossing, traffic routes and other areas that need to be identified. With the laying of the paving stone system repair of streets become simplified without requiring shut down of large traffic zones or patchwork ugliness.

If the paving stone system is installed properly then shifting, sinking and buckling does not happen. It is best answer for pathways scheduled for walking, cycling or for heavy traffic like trucks and even fork lifters. Most firms give a lifetime warranty for paving stone used for residences. The pavers come are of different textures smooth but not slippery and slightly coarse for the rustic look. Those with fine texture show up the subtle play of colours and designs.

Concrete on the other hand cracks with the weather and is not proof to earthquakes. The strength of a traditional paving stone is three times more than concrete. These can be easily repaired and hardly requires curing time. Repairs leave no scars unlike concrete. In the case of concrete the choice of colours is limited but with paving stone there is a wide range of customized colour and myriad shapes to suit individual tastes. The non-modular paving stone has the unique ability of spreading the load and tension over wide areas bricement paversdging the action between each separate unit This allows it to bear heavy traffic easily without resorting to the reinforcing it with steel as is done with concrete. The traditional paving stone is the answer to giving the touch of class to the great outdoors driveways and pathways sturdy as well as beautiful. With its high quality products such as hammer crusher, Raymond mill, Hongxing Machinery has ascended in the front rank of the world in the exporting of mining equipment.

South African-based Pilot Crushtec, manufactures of crushing, screening and conveying systems, is making its contribution to development in Africa by providing equipment used to develop infrastructure and to boost minerals production. Foreign investment into African countries for development has boosted African sales for the company by almost 80% in the past five years, with the greater portion of this growth being in the past 12 to 16 months, according to Mr. Graham Kleinhans, sales manager for the company.

Mr. Kleinhans said this accounted for 12% to 15% of the company turnover, and during the past year, this represented sales of about R25-m. He said he anticipated that sales into Africa by the company would grow to 30% to 40% of turnover within the next few years. Equipment manufactured at its Jet Park facility in Gauteng, is being used by the mining industry in the DRC, and in mining and infrastructure development on the continent, in Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique, Angola, and Zambia, and as far a field as Kenya. Giving examples of recent major sales, Mr Kleinhans said Pilot Crushtec had sold a vertical shaft impact type crusher to provide a solution for a major road-making contract in Botswana. In Namibia, large investments were made in mobile screening equipment from Pilot Crushtec for use in diamond mining operations.

We have embarked upon a serious marketing drive into Africa. There is so much potential on the continent and politically, Africa is now considered to be more stable. Apart from mining, we also see the potential associated with other projects like the construction of highways, airports, sugar mills as well as huge dam projects, he said. Our company is aiming at a 30% to 40% growth rate per annum and we believe we can achieve this with our growing sales into Africa.

Mr Kleinhans went on to add that 80% of sales into African countries comprise complete systems from its modular range of semi-mobile, skid mounted, ready-to-run crushing, screen and conveying equipment. These systems meet current needs in Africa because they are cost-effective and relatively easy to move around. The modular system is readily extended as the need for production increases, he said. An additional aspect in our favour is that in spite of high demand, we can still deliver plant in four to six weeks, which is unheard of in the industry. For a relatively big plant, this delivery time is nothing, but we would like to reduce the delivery time to only two to three weeks.

Another interesting development is that foreign companies investing in Africa have a preference for equipment from South African-based companies because they are assured of an efficient back-up service. Now we can see the benefit of a Made in South Africa sticker on our products. Investors want to know the product they buy has a warranty that means something, he said. Mr Kleinhans added that while other manufacturers sold crushers and conveyors, Pilot Crushtec is the only company that sells solutions. We put everything together in one package by providing a system for material to be fed in at one end, processed and for the finished product to come out on the other end, he said. We put it all together quickly, with a 12-month warranty, and we guarantee that it will work smoothly. Today, people prefer to buy the whole puzzle, and this is the unique service that we provide. With its high quality products such as hammer crusher, Raymond mill, Hongxing Machinery has ascended in the front rank of the world in the exporting of mining equipment.

In 1923, the British Government exclusive concessions of theUSA and South African mining territory granted groups over large areas inZambia (then Northern Rhodesian). Copper began in 1927 at the Chambisi mine in “Copperbelt Province”. Development of mining inZambia was on the agenda of the first years of colonization. The British South Africa company in 1889 ceased to “extend the railway and telegraph network in the North to the Zambezi River, to promote the migration and colonization and trade and mining concessions” to develop. Until 1923,Zambia was maintained within the direct control of the company. This period created a large number of small businesses for prospecting and extraction. Many prospectors thoughtZambia was a secondSouth Africa, with a wealth of precious metals, but soon had ambitions to copper exploitation limit. TheRhodesia copper company was founded in 1902 and began the copper mines of Kafue and Bwana Mkubwa develop.

In 1920, two other companies that were associated with copper Rhodesia exclusive mineral rights granted set up of the copper company venture from the British South Africa on an area of 80,000 square kilometers, on the border with the Belgian Congo (Zaire now is). Another mining company,Tanganyika concessions already 1899 established mining rights inZambia was given by British South Africa, andZaire by the King of the Belgians. Founded in 1906, the company in cooperation with the Belgian State, you the Union Minière HautKatanga which much later was in theKatanga secession for the independence of theCongo. Two companies then out: Rhodesian selection trust and Rhodesian Anglo American Corporation, the Zambian mines for more than 40 years were the control. In 1930, around 6,000 tonnes per year and until 1940 was 266,000 tonnes per year, the copper production inZambia. Copper mining decreased with the Second World War but in the 1950s, the production of 280,000 to 568.000 tons per year increased. In the 1960s was much slower growth in the field of mining and copper output increased by 30% between 1960 and 1970. Here the production growth reflects the worldwide demand for copper, then very quickly increases tend to stabilize the.

In the 1970s, the mining companies were copper production nationalized peaked at more than 750,000 tonnes per year achieved. Such a level should be achieved never again in the 1970s a decade that the crisis of copper marked specialisation inZambia despite huge reserves. In the early 1980’s copper output was only approximately 550,000 tons. In many waysZaire was similar to that experience. As inZambia, the development of the mining industry had the basis of a colonization by financial capital since the beginning of the century led been. The first copper Mills back until 1911 in Lubumbashi. Invested in the 1930s, the Belgian financial groups strongly in mining. But unlike inZambia, the copper mining inZaire grew relatively faster in the 1960s and 1970s, than it had in the 1940s and 1950s. 237,000 To 500,000 tons copper output rose between 1958 and 1974. Between the wars, copper specialization in Central and southern Africa was already well developed, since about a fifth of world production, provided these areas until 1970, when she began to fall. Among other metallic minerals, chromium as important in this time, since Africa was also provided one-fifth of world production. Iron year’s production much later, during the 1950s and 1960s. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing and milling equipment, we offer advanced, rational solutions for any size-reduction requirements, including quarry, aggregate, grinding production and complete stone crushing station. We also supply individual jaw crusher and Raymond mill as well as spare parts of them.

The expenditure method: the total amount of domestic spending by consumers, firms, government and foreigners. National income accounting is the process whereby countries attempt to measure these flows. The result of each the three methods is the gross domestic product. An examination of the national income accounts gives an insight into the economy. In reality the households do not spend all their current income. Some is saved. This represents a leakage from the circular flow. In addition to the consumer spending, firms also carry out investment spending. This is an injection to the circular flow of income Biz/auricular flow of income, as it does not originate from consumers current income.

The Virtual Developing Country is a case study of Zambia. There are a series of field trips available looking at different circular flow of incoming issues connected with economic development. This trip is the Copper Tour and this page looks at the Circular Flow of Income. The circular flow of income is a model of the economy showing flows of goods and services and sectors of production between firms and households. In the absence of government and international trade this model shows that households provide the sectors of production for firms who produce goods and services. In return the sectors of production receive sector payments, such as wages, which in turn are spent on the output of firms. This basic flow is shown in the diagram below.

In the real world the government and international trade sectors must also be included. Economic systems are in reality three sector open economies. Consequently there will be additional leakages and injections. Government spending will be injected into the circular flow and taxation will leak from it. Export flows will be injected and imports flows leaked. A full circular flow with leakages and injections is shown below. This model of the economy demonstrates that economic activity is a flow. In actual ct it can be considered two flows, one of goods and services and a flow of money. The size of these flows is an indicator of the amount of economic activity. The circular nature of the flows means that there will be a number of different ways of measuring the size of the flow. Economists maintain that there are three possible ways of measuring this flow with each way looking at a different part of the circular flow of income. It provides data which governments and external agencies can use in a variety of different ways.  As a leading global manufacturer of crushing and milling equipment, we offer advanced, rational solutions for any size-reduction requirements, including quarry, aggregate, grinding production and complete stone crushing station. We also supply individual jaw crusher and Raymond mill as well as spare parts of them.

A model for analysis and monitoring of energy consumption was made at the Department of Surface Mining, Faculty of Mining and Geology in Belgrade, headed by Prof. dr Radomir Simic. The model consists of four main blocks as follows: analytic block for structural design, analytic block for project design, correction for technological block and a block for existing technological process. The mentioned blocks permit that within a model zone, where analysis and preparation works are carried out, constructive and project designs are studied with the aim to estimate the installed power at machines, then working and technological parameters, as well as the adjustment of natural factors with the opening of the pit. In case the solutions within the construction and the project are correct, they are applied at the block of the existing technological process, namely the zone of the input data. The main part of the model represents the determining of standards and recording, thus allowing computer preparation and modelling in the coding and modelling zone. The final part of the model represents the zone of optimization and output data where the technological, spatial and organizational parameters are optimized and where the realized specific energy consumption and the economic effects are determined.

Elaboration of the said models was carried out by dr Miodrag Gomilanovid in the conditions of the “Potrlica” coal open pit mine in the Pljcvlja coal basin. The annual coal capacity of the “Potrlica” coal open pit mine is 1.5 million tons, and 6.1 million m3 of overburden. The pit belongs to a deep type having exceptionally complex exploitation conditions. The complexity of conditions is determined by: depth of occurrence and angle of inclination of coal scam, properties of overburden, foot wall and coal seam with partings, strong presence of ground and surface waters, pronounced geomechanical problems, problems of storing the excavated overburden, seismically effects on the town of Pljevlja and other settlements. All those conditions determined the technology which during the process of excavating, loading and transportation of coal appears as discontinues, while it is combined in the process of overburden transportation.

Excavation of overburden and interlayer tailing is carried out at several levels from 5 to 15 meters, in high and depth, by bucket dredgers and draglines, with shovel bucket volume from 4 to 15 m3. Prior to excavation, drilling-blasting works on coal are performed as well as the works on interlayer tailing in almost entire hanging wall – overburden. Only the surface part of overburden, composed of humus and alluvial (pebble, sand and clay) is not blasted. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing and milling equipment, we offer advanced, rational solutions for any size-reduction requirements, including quarry, aggregate, grinding production and complete stone crushing station. We also supply individual jaw crusher and Raymond mill as well as spare parts of them.

Transportation of overburden, within the limits of the open pit surface itself, to internal waste dump and crushing equipment is carried out by dumper capacity from 50 to 70 t, and volume of loading frame from 30 to 50 m3. Transportation of overburden to the external deposit is carried out by belts with previous crushing of material by crushers. At the present stage of exploitation, six transporters were installed, three of which being permanent and three mobile, in a total length of around 4500 m. The said transportation system also consists of below-level dump stackers and above- level dump stackers having the capacity adjusted to transporters. Coal transportation from open pit mine to crushing and separation plant is also performed by dumpers capacity of 36 t, volume frame of 26 m’. In this plant classification of coal is made depending on its market purpose.

General prognosis that deals with the development of surface exploitation of coal inYugoslavia, along with ecological issues also covers large energy and materials consumption in this field as a strong limiting factor. Such estimation is based on the ever increasing requirements for energy. Spare parts and various materials that in surface exploitation of coal are growing with increase of the physical volume of production.

The complex analysis of the factors influencing consumption of energy and materials in the surface exploitation recognizes three groups of main factors such as natural, technological and organizational. The group of natural factors covers separation of deposits, relief of terrain, coefficient of overburden, physic-mechanical properties of the deposit, and depth of mining, mineral materials quality and length of transportation roads. Technological factors include structural equipment design, project designs, installed power, method of excavation, loading and transportation, method of piling, development of excavated faces, useful value of mined materials and mineral processing. Quality mineral materials and the length of transportation roads can also be listed among the technological factors. The organizational factors are represented by: managing of process, qualification of stuff, maintenance of mechanization and monitoring the energy as well as material consumption.

Evaluation of the existing position of energy and material consumption at open pit mines inYugoslavia under the stated influential factors indicates that the possibilities for consumption are present. The consumption could be realized if the whole problem is thoroughly studied and if systematic monitoring, analyzing and planning all the standards as concerns the conditions characteristic for the open pit is provided for. The existing Yugoslav practice applied in the surface exploitation, the principles of planning and monitoring the energy and material consumption have not been regulated by the unique methodology. The principles of planning the material consumption have mainly been grounded on monitoring the empirical indicators. The data from previous years arc mostly taken and the consumption used is divided into the realized production and in a such a way the value of consumption per production unit is obtained. Such a way of planning the consumption permitted a constant struggle for achieving better results than during the previous year but it lacked professionally and scientifically defined methodology of real planning. Thus similarly the monitoring of energy consumption is carried out. While monitoring electric power consumption the data used refer to periodical control of such energy consumption and a comparison with the planned quantities was accordingly made, having in most cases quite a negative effect, as the adequate interventions failed when a large consumption was in question. Somewhat less complex system of evidencing was applied when monitoring fuel consumption, particularly in case of open pits having their own pump stations. Rarely, complex factors influencing the consumption of energy and material were analyzed such as the efficient technological processes and efficient organization of labor. Since recently, consumption of energy and material at open pits in Yugoslavia has become much actual. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing and milling equipment, we offer advanced, rational solutions for any size-reduction requirements, including quarry, aggregate, grinding production and complete stone crushing station. We also supply individual jaw crusher and Raymond mill as well as spare parts of them.

Certain open pit mines initiate the study of a series of mutually interlinked issues concerning technology, efficiency and organization of production, thus overpassing the accepted principle that the planning standards are only based on the previously achieved consumption standards. Defining the modem methods of monitoring energy and material consumption might be considered as the general scientific-research direction in surface exploitation for the purpose of decrease in overall costs and better productivity.